High Availability / Failover VPN in AWS using libreswan

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Introduction

This HOWTO was written by Matt Woodson of Red Hat

The Openshift Operations team at Red Hat deploys services in Amazon Web Services (AWS). Openshift Nodes and related infrastructure are located in multiple AWS regions, so that users can place apps in a region geographically close to them. We needed a way to to inter-connect all of our regions via a VPN, but at this time, AWS does not provide a way to connect regions together.

First, we devised a list of requirements:

• We wanted to use Red Hat technologies.
• We wanted our VPN’s to be highly available (HA).
• We wanted to be able to monitor the VPN connections.

As a quick note, we investigated using libreswan to connect to AWS VPC VPN . We quickly found that AWS VPC is broken and moved on to design other solution.

TODO:

• put in a stonith delay on the primary node;
• enable wait_for_all;

Overview

Here is a simple diagram of what we are going to achieve. For the sake of this article, I am going to give our VPC’s and nodes example IP space and addresses so it can help us in coming up with valid configurations.

VPC 1 - Region 1			VPC 2 - Region 2
VPC 1 Network	172.16.0.0/16		VPC 2 Network	172.20.0.0/16
vpn1.vpc1.example.com	172.16.0.1		vpn1.vpc2.example.com	172.20.0.1
vpn2.vpc1.example.com	172.16.0.2		vpn2.vpc2.example.com	172.20.0.2
VPN ENI (internal)	172.16.0.10		VPN ENI (internal)	172.20.0.10
VPN ENI (external)	50.0.0.1		VPN ENI (external)	100.0.0.1
ENI Subnet	172.16.0.0/24		ENI Subnet	172.20.0.0/24
ENI Subnet GW	172.16.0.254		ENI Subnet GW	172.20.0.254

AWS Configuration

The first requirement is to configure some options in AWS. I will be specifying addresses here for the work in VPC1. This process will need to be repeated in both VPC’s. I will assume that the VPC has been created and subnets are created inside of the VPC.

Security Groups

A security group is needed to allow the clustering software to communicate as well as the IPsec communication.

“VPN” Security Group
Protocol	Ports	Source	Notes
TCP	2224	“VPN” SG (itself)	Cluster
TCP	3121	“VPN” SG (itself)	Cluster
TCP	21064	“VPN” SG (itself)	Cluster
UDP	5405 - 5405	“VPN” SG (itself)	Cluster
UDP	500	100.0.0.1/32	Remote IPsec gateway
UDP	4500	100.0.0.1/32	Remote IPsec gateway
All Traffic	ALL	172.16.0.0/16	Need to pass traffic into VPN

Other SG’s will need to be modified to allow traffic into the other nodes within the individual VPC’s. For example, for services on VPC 1 that are accessed by VPC 2, VPC 1 SG’s will need to allow the traffic from 172.20.0.0/16. Configuring these SG’s is beyond the scope of this document.

Elastic Network Interface (ENI)

The next step is to configure an ENI that will be used to go between our instances, controlled by the clustering software.

In the AWS EC2 Console under “Network & Security” there is a Network Interfaces. Create an interface that is on the desired subnet. Add the “VPN” Security group we created to it.

The “Source/Destination Check” on the ENI needs to be disabled. This is a very important step as network traffic will not pass through this interface if this check is not disabled. To disable, right-click on the newly created ENI and select “Change Source/Dest. Check”. It needs to be in the disabled state.

Elastic IP’s

We need to assign 3 Elastic IP’s (EIP) per region for this. 1 for each VPN Node, and one for the ENI. Allocate 3 EIP’s.

Assign one of the EIP’s to the ENI.

The EIP’s are needed for the VPN nodes because of the fencing that will be implementing in the cluster software. If a node is fenced, it will be shutdown. When it gets shut down, it will lose it’s external IP. By setting an EIP, it will not lose the external IP.

The EIP is needed on the ENI so that the remote side knows where to consistently send traffic to establish the VPN connection.

Identity and Access Management (IAM)

When the cluster becomes active it will need to communicate and issue commands against AWS. There needs to be an AWS account that can do fencing and also move the ENI between the clustered nodes. Let’s create a group with a user that has these capabilities.

Here is an IAM policy that can be used:

{
   "Version": "2012-10-17",
   "Statement": [
       {
           "Sid": "Stmt1431023463000",
           "Effect": "Allow",
           "Action": [
               "ec2:DescribeInstances",
               "ec2:DescribeTags",
               "ec2:StartInstances",
               "ec2:StopInstances",
               "ec2:AttachNetworkInterface",
               "ec2:DescribeNetworkInterfaceAttribute",
               "ec2:DescribeNetworkInterfaces",
               "ec2:DetachNetworkInterface",
               "ec2:ModifyNetworkInterfaceAttribute",
               "ec2:ResetNetworkInterfaceAttribute",
               "ec2:AssignPrivateIpAddresses"

           ],
           "Resource": [
               "*"
           ]
       }
   ]
}

Be sure to capture the AWS key and secret key for this user. It will be used later on.

Instances

It is time to create the instances now. We need to create 2 RHEL 7 instances. These instances will need to be on the same VPC Subnet. They will need to have the “VPN” SG that was created earlier.

Once the instances are created, assign each vpn node an Elastic IP.

Again, we need to disable the Source/Dest network check on each node. This is a very important step because clustering and routing will not work properly without it.

In AWS EC2 console, right click on the instance and go Networking -> Change Source/Dest. Check. Ensure that it is disabled.

Software Configuration

At this point the RHEL 7 instance should be up and running. It’s time to install some additional software and files that are needed.

RPMs

There are some additional packages that will make installing and configuring things easier. The Openshift team has packaged these into RPM’s. The yum software repository can be found here:

[1]

The RPM’s can be found here:

[2]

We need to install 3 primary packages, and the dependencies that they require. These packages are:

AWS CLI Utils

python-awscli-1.7.36-1.el7.noarch.rpm

This is the official AWS CLI just packaged in RPM. If you prefer to install via pip, they can opt for that. More information can be found at:

[3]

This tool will allow the cluster to interact with AWS.

Once installed, we need to configure the AWS CLI utils with the user created in the AWS IAM step from above. The easiest way to do this is, as root (cluster services run as root), run:

# aws configure

and follow the prompts. There is more information available about the AWS Command Line Interface

EC2 Utils

ec2-net-utils-0.5-3.el7.noarch.rpm ec2-utils-0.5-3.el7.noarch.rpm

These package comes from Amazon Linux AMI and create a set of udev rules that will allow the ENI to come up properly when it moves between cluster nodes.

Cluster Files

There are some additional files that are needed to manage AWS. I have made these available via a github repository

fence_ec2

fence_ec2

This file will allow the cluster to use AWS calls to issue fencing commands of each of the hosts. To install:

# cp fence_ec2 /usr/sbin/fence_ec2

eni

eni

This is a resource script that will move the AWS ENI’s between cluster nodes. To install:

# cp eni /usr/lib/ocf/resource.d/heartbeat/eni

Libreswan Files

It’s time to install the rest of the packages needed for the cluster and VPN.

# yum install pcs fence-agents-all libreswan

Firewall

Let’s open ports on the firewall for cluster and ipsec:

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=high-availability
# firewall-cmd --add-service=high-availability
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=ipsec
# firewall-cmd --add-service=ipsec
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=2888/udp
# firewall-cmd --add-port=4500/udp

Libreswan setup

When configuring Libreswan, in order to keep local and remote networks distinct, the following naming convention is used:

LEFT = LOCAL

RIGHT = REMOTE

Both VPN nodes on each side should be identically configured. To be more clear, vpn1.vpc1 and vpn2.vpc2 should be identical, and vpn1.vpc2 and vpn2.vpc2 should be identical.

PSK

Now, we need to generate a Host_to_host_VPN_with_PSK PSK

# openssl rand -base64 48
3LSVg7z7CAZKzPHM1IyCBrwOzxRL65+xncHxSqsXPL9JbwT1qNgvCuTfPfrj6jbZ

We will use this in our PSK files.

Config Files

All VPN nodes will have these two configuration files:

/etc/ipsec.conf

config setup
       protostack=netkey

include /etc/ipsec.d/*.conf

/etc/ipsec.secrets include /etc/ipsec.d/*.secret

VPC1 /etc/ipsec.d/vpc1-vpc2.conf

conn vpc1-vpc2
  authby=secret
  type=tunnel
  esp=aes_gcm128-null
  mtu=1436
  left=172.16.0.10
  leftid=50.0.0.1
  leftsubnet=172.16.0.0/16
  right=100.0.0.1
  rightsubnet=172.20.0.0/16
  auto=start
  dpdaction=restart
  dpddelay=10
  dpdtimeout=60

/etc/ipsec.d/vpc1-vpc2.secret

50.0.0.1 100.0.0.1 : PSK ”3LSVg7z7CAZKzPHM1IyCBrwOzxRL65+xncHxSqsXPL9JbwT1qNgvCuTfPfrj6jbZ”

VPC2 /etc/ipsec.d/vpc1-vpc2.conf

conn vpc1-vpc2
  authby=secret
  type=tunnel
  esp=aes_gcm128-null
  mtu=1436
  left=172.20.0.10
  leftid=100.0.0.1
  leftsubnet=172.20.0.0/16
  right=50.0.0.1
  rightsubnet=172.16.0.0/16
  auto=start
  dpdaction=restart
  dpddelay=10
  dpdtimeout=60

/etc/ipsec.d/vpc1-vpc2.secret

50.0.0.1 100.0.0.1 : PSK ”3LSVg7z7CAZKzPHM1IyCBrwOzxRL65+xncHxSqsXPL9JbwT1qNgvCuTfPfrj6jbZ”

Cluster Setup

At this point it’s time to configure the cluster. We will use the pcs command to configure and setup the cluster. More information on configuring the cluster can be found in the Red Hat HA Administration Guide

Do the following on both nodes:

Set the password for the ‘hacluster’ user to the same password:

# passwd hacluster

Start and enable the pcsd service:

# systemctl start pcsd.service
# systemctl enable pcsd.service

On one of the cluster nodes, ensure that all nodes are authorized:

# pcs cluster auth vpn1.vpc1.example.com vpn2.vpc1.example.com
Username: hacluster
Password:
vpn1.vpc1.example.com: Authorized
vpn2.vpc2.example.com: Authorized

Configure the cluster:

# pcs cluster setup --start --name vpc1-cluster vpn1.vpc1.example.com vpn2.vpc1.exmaple.com

Enable cluster services to run on boot:

# pcs cluster enable --all

At this point, the cluster should be up and running. To verify the status run:

# pcs status

Stonith config

We need to enable stonith in the cluster. In the pcmk_host_map I am inserting the hostname:<ec-instance-id>. This will tell the fence agent exactly which instance to fence

# pcs stonith create ec2_fencing fence_ec2 pcmk_host_map='vpn1.vpc1.example.com:i-XXXXXXX;vpn2.vpc1.example.com:i-YYYYYYY' \ 
  pcmk_host_list=vpn1.vpc1.example.com,vpn2.vpc1.example.com pcmk_host_check=static-list region=us-east-1

ENI Resource

We now need to create the ENI resource. Requirements that are needed for the ENI resource:

• ENI ID: This is needed so the AWS script knows which ENI to use.

• gateway: This is used to set up routes on the node.

• group: we are creating a resource group so that the ENI and ipsec service will be grouped and moved together.

# pcs resource create vpn_eni ocf:heartbeat:eni ec2_region=us-east-1 eni_id=eni-ZZZZZZ device_index=1 device_name=eth1 \
  gateway=172.16.0.254 wait=5 --group ipsec_group op monitor interval=60s defaults timeout=120s start timeout=120 stop timeout=120s

At this point, the ENI should now be attached to a node in the cluster. We can check by running:

# pcs status

qoarum

Be sure to disable quorum in a two-node cluster or else the services will shut down when a node is lost. quorum can be disabled using:

pcs property set no-quorum-policy=ignore 

(Quorum is optional, fencing is not)

IPSEC Service Resource

At this point, IPSEC should be running. To check, run:

# pcs status

Now, one of the sides of the VPN should be configured. The other side can be configured using the same steps. Once both sides are configured, the VPN tunnel should be established between the two sites. To see what tunnels are up and running in libreswan, run:

# ipsec whack --trafficstatus

If the tunnels are listed here, they are up. Another command to help debug is:

# ipsec status

AWS Routing

The last step is to adjust the VPC routing table on each side of the VPC. We need to route the other subnets through the VPN ENI. This step is a bit different than traditional routing. Instead of routing to an IP that would normally be done, we are going to route to the ENI. When referencing the “target”, we need to specify the ENI ID instead of the IP.

In AWS VPC console:

• Click on the Route Tables section
• Select the route table for the VPC
• In the bottom pane, click on the Routes tab
• Click Edit
• Click Add another route
• Put in the remote network. For VPC1’s route table, enter “172.20.0.0/16” as the destination.
• In the target, type in the VPN ENI ID
• Click Save

Repeat this procedure on the other VPC.

If everything was done properly, traffic should be able to flow between the sites. Simple pings can test the connectivity.